Current Global Warming Prevention in Islamic Perspective: A Research Review

Global warming is global issue in modern times .Global warming and climate change have affected the entire world. It is essential to take preventive measures to reduce heat wave and temperature of Earth for protection of human life, animal life and plant life. Islamic ecological instructions can play an important role to eradicate current global warming. Emission of greenhouse gases and deforestation are main causes of global warming. Trees are natural sources of oxygen and cooling in the atmosphere.Green belt of any region plays crucial role in maintaining natural ecological balance of planet Earth. The plants and trees provide humane life with fresh, clean and cool oxygen to breath. Heat wave in recent times must be controlled and prevented by planting as many trees as possible. Thirty percent percent area of Pakistan was covered with forest and trees in 1947 but gradually it has shrunk to less than 5 percent in modern times. Deforestation has increased imbalance, disorder, global warming, climate change, air pollution and other many more ecological, environmental and biological issues. Islam provides complete guidance in every walk of life. Plants are called lungs of the Earth. Holy prophet ( motivated His followers to plant new trees more and more. In this research work, decreasing greenbelt of Pᾱkistᾱn has been presented and its impact on ecological and climate change. Furthermore, This article explores Islᾱmic preventive measures for eradication of current global warming.


Introduction
Global warming 1 has become the focus of international attention in recent times. Many international environmental conferences have been held to discuss rise in temperature of atmosphere. International environmental Conference COP-21, was held in Paris (France) in December 2015, in which emission of greenhouse gases was aimed to control increased level of temperature on Earth for reduction of global warming. International treaty(Paris Agreement) was signed by 195 countries in COP-21. The International panel on climate change (IPCC) 2 's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), published in 2021, and noted that the best estimate of the increase Earth surface temperature between 1850 and 2019 was 1.07 °C (1.9 °F). 3 International Environment Conference (COP -26) was held in Glasgow (Scotland) in which Pᾱkistᾱn promised that no new coal power plant would be installed nor exported coal in pre-existing coal plants will be used. Pakistan's emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons, lead, etc.) are expected to increase by 300% by 2030. According to some recent research reports, Pakistan is one of the 10 countries most affected by global warming and climate change. According to the latest UN research report, the planet Earth is on the verge of rising by 2.7 degrees Celsius. The importance of tree planting is increasing with each passing day in view of the prevention of global warming. Islam not only encourages the planting of new trees but also emphasizes on the care and protection of existing trees. The purpose of writing about global warming is to highlight Islamic teachings for the prevention of the current global warming in Pakistan.

Review of Literature
Scholars and intellectuals have done excellent research work on the subject of Islᾱmic teachings and the current environmental pollution. Global warming is a part of environmental crisis. "The Conservation and Islᾱm" written by Dr. Qiblᾱ Ayᾱz, Dr. Merᾱjul Islᾱm Ziᾱ,Dr. Muhammad Mumtᾱz Malik and Bahᾱdar Nawᾱb is a significant work on environmental protection in Islᾱmic perspective. In 2013, M.Phil dissertation titled "Ecological Issue and its Islamic Solutions" was written at Sargodhᾱ University under the supervision of Dr. Farhat 'Alvī is a good effort to present environmental issues in Islᾱmic context. The famous book "Islᾱm and the Environment" by Indian environmentalist AR Agwᾱn was published in 1997 by the Institute of Objective Studies, Delhi (Indiᾱ). This book sheds light on the protection of natural resources and environment in the context of Islᾱmic teachings. Dr. Ehsᾱn-ur-Rehmᾱn Ghauri's research article titled "Ecological Issues in the light of the Holy Quran" was published in the research journal 1 Increased level in the temperature of the Planet Earth's atmosphere is called global warming which is also called greenhouse effect. It is generally happened due to increased level of chlorofluorocarbons(CFC,S)Carbon dioxide(CO2) and other greenhouse gases in Earth`s atmosphere. "Research Journal 'Ulūm-e-Islamia Vol. NO. 23"(2017).The importance of the environment in modern times can be guessed from the fact that the World Health Organization (WHO) has also made written many articles on environmental protection by many 'Arab scholars. In addition to the above mentioned articles and books, a large number of articles, books and essays have been written on the subject of environment but global warming is not discussed much more in the light of Islᾱmic teachings. Therefore, research work regarding global warming in Islamic perspective is the most important requirement of the current time. That is why, in the present article, keeping in view the demands of modern times, the solution of global warming has been presented in the light of Islᾱmic teachings.

Research Methodology
In this article, standard and descriptive research methodology has been adopted. In this research article, an attempt has been made to use and utilize the basic sources regarding Islam and global warming. Furthermore, it has been sought support from online encyclopedias, environmental dictionaries, recent international environmental conferences etc. The Internet is one of the fastest growing sources of information and knowledge in current era, so the Internet has been used extensively to obtain the latest information on global warming. In addition, Dr. Hameedullᾱh Librarī Islᾱmabᾱd, 'Allᾱmᾱ Iqbᾱl Library Siᾱlkot and Seerat Study Center Siᾱlkot were visited to get research material on the subject. The English translation of Quranic verses is taken from Mūlᾱnᾱ Taqī Usmᾱni's English translation of Quran. Rising global warming in Pᾱkistᾱn and its causes(green belt destruction etc.) has been focused. At the end of the article, research findings, recommendations and suggestions for mitigating global warming have been also given.

Causes and Impact
Installation of Industries at large scale, power stations, atomic power plants, brick Kilns and toxic wastes of factories are main reasons of global warming. Furthermore, transport like buses, trucks, auto rickshaws, motorbikes, combustion engines and aircrafts are discharging toxic gases e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and other harmful gases in the atmosphere rapidly. Deforestation is also causing global warming. The emission of oxygen, the absorption of carbon dioxide, the moderation in temperature and other many benefits of any state are also connected with green belt. One acre of trees absorbs 27,647 pounds of carbon dioxide gas annually. The burning of fossil fuels produces 21.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year, of which only half is absorbed, and the other half remains in the atmosphere, causing the worst air pollution. Use of fossil fuels is also a major reason of global warming across the country. The burning of fossil fuels produces 21.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year, of which only half is absorbed, and the other half remains in the atmosphere, causing the worst global warming. According to an estimate, there are found more than 20 million motorbikes and vehicles in Pakistan. Petroleum products worth14 billion annually has to import to keep them running. According to the national assessment (2004): "Pakistan is one of the low forest covered countries with only 5 percent of land area." 3 Global warming affects biological system, ecosystem, functioning of human being, biodiversity of plants, animals and other living beings very badly. Impact of global warming in Encyclopedia of Britannica has been described follows: "Global warming and climate change have the potential to alter biological systems. More specifically, changes to near-surface air temperatures will likely influence ecosystem functioning and thus the biodiversity of plants, animals, and other forms of life." 4 Allah Almighty says: Calamities have appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of the people have earned, so that He (Allah) makes them taste some of what they did, in order that they may return (to the right way)." In theَّ above verse, it has been explained that sometimes people are punished for their disobedience and misdeeds. Then the cause of the troubles, imbalance, disorder, climate change, environmental change and global warming and other issues in land and sea has been mentioned. In fact, Corruption (climate change) has been spread in the land and in the sea because of the activities of human beings. Imᾱm Baidhᾱwī explains: "Fasad( disorder) means death due to famine, disease and wars." 2 The Forest of Chalghūzᾱ 3 located in province Balūchistᾱn is burning in recent days. On 9 th May 2022, a thunderstorm in an unusually dry weather caused a blaze in the Musᾱ Khel area, and in a matter of days, every tree and plant within a 22-kilometer radius was reduced to ashes by itself. Two days after the Musᾱ Khel fire, a fire broke out in the forest heights of Sherᾱni district. And this fire is still hungry on the thirteenth day, and the fiery tongue, which grows longer every day, is eager to lick about 24 villages in the valley, eight to ten kilometers away. 4 Harmful impact of global warming and climate change can be guessed above happening of fire in Chalghūzᾱ forest of Pᾱkistᾱn.

Global Warming Prevention
Forests and gardens full of different types of trees are natural factories to clean the atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide(CO2) from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen. Furthermore, Trees make the atmosphere pleasant. This creates a naturally cool and enchanting freshness in the atmosphere. The reduction in global warming can be clearly felt in the dense gardens of trees. There are innumerable psychological and medical benefits of spending time in the lush green environment of trees and plants. The Holy Qur'an depicts trees and lush greenery in a captivating way.Allah Almighty says: The above Qur'anic verse mentions the relationship between plants and the green environment. All the plants that grow on the earth are essential for the green belt. In this regard, Imᾱm Fakhr-ud-Din Al-Rᾱzīَّ writes: "Every plant or tree has a green head. In the Divine Word, two types of plants are more well known. One of them is related to agriculture and farming while the other is related to trees." 1 The leaves of all kinds of plants are green because all the plants produce their own food through the photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight through the chlorophyll present in the green leaves. There is a natural decline in unhealthy habits and traits in people who spend their time in the greenery of the trees. In addition, such people are less prone to mental illness and mental illness than others. The role of tree planting in reducing environmental pollution is described in a national English newspaper as follows: "The need for plantation has become even greater these days because of the growing pollution in the environment." 2 The author of the Universal Encyclopedia writes: "Trees dominate the ecosystem life." 3 Trees add a lot of moisture to the air, which lowers the temprature and makes the environment more pleasant. In this context, Mohsin Butt writes in his book: "Forests are of vital importance to mankind and other plant and animal species, as they provide them oxygen and create a CO2balance." 4 It is very important to exist 20% oxygen in the atmosphere. All kinds of smoke and greenhouse gases are converted into oxygen by plants. 5 Planting trees is essential for a pleasant atmosphere. Gardeep raj writes: "The vegetation is a significant source of moisture in the atmosphere." 6 Forest Day is celebrated internationally on March 21 every year to attract people to plant trees worldwide. Holy Prophet (َّ َ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫َّو‬ ‫ْه‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ل‬ َ ‫هَّع‬ ‫َّّللا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ل‬ َ ‫)ص‬ has encouraged people to plant as many trees as possible. The reward of planting trees will continue till the Day of Resurrection. If a Muslim performs the sacred duty of planting, the material that is eaten and stolen from it, becomes the food of the beast of the forest, the part that becomes the food of the bird would be beneficial and charity will continue till the Day of Judgment for the planter.It is narrated in Sahīh Bukhᾱrī as follows: 1 Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rᾱzī, Mufᾱtih al-Ghayb, (Beirūt: Dᾱr al-Ahyᾱ al-Tarath al-'Arabī, 1420 AH),Vol:13,P:84 2 The Nation ,Lᾱhore,6 January,(2019) 3 Lexicon universal encyclopedia, (New York: Lexicon Publication Inc.,1984)

Prohibition of Deforestation
Lands rich in agricultural and botanical potential are being converted into residential areas, settlements, airports, factories, roads. Global warming is constantly increasing because of deforestation. With each passing day, the habitat and food of wildlife and other animals is shrinking due to deforestation and the heat wave is increasing throughout the world. Furthermore, the ozone layer is being damaged and the fertility of the Earth is being adversely affected due to which climate change on rise. The life and health of the mankind and animal are in grave danger. Cutting down of trees and plants also affects the ability of the soil surface to absorb water. According to a report in the daily Jang, from 1990 to 2010, about 33% of the country's forests were cleared. 3 Forests and plants in Pᾱkistᾱn are shrinking very fast. According to international standards, 25% of the total area of a country must be covered with trees and plants. In 1947, Pakistan consisted of about 30% of the total area of trees and plants which has shrunk to less than 5%. The data from the above facts and figures gives an idea of the continuous and rapid decline in the area of forests and trees in Pᾱkistᾱn. This situation of flora and fauna in Pᾱkistᾱn is indicative of a tragic and dangerous environmental crisis and global warming. The massacre of trees is going on unabated while on the other hand there is no effective